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Aestii |
<div class="wleftBox"><p>The name was used by the Germans for a group of tribes, ancestors of the Baltic <a href="
page_start.php?key1=lang/old_prussian.php&key2=old prussian&key6=lan"
"><span class="greentext">Old Prussians</span></a>, Lithuanians and Letts occupying the Baltic coast perhaps as far as the Gulf of Finland. Their name has been transferred to the Finnish peoples that were their eastern neighbours and survives in Estland (Estonia) and the Esten.</p><p>The name is Germanic and could be linked to the Old English <I>aist</I>, Eng. oast, Dutch <I>eest</I>, grain drying kilns, used as winter quarters. Grave goods indicate that their western boundary was the river Passarge in East Prussia.</p></div>
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Anglii |
<div class="wleftBox"><p>A Germanic tribe mentioned by Tacitus.<br> Angeln, between Flensburg and the Schlei, has kept the name of the Anglii. From here they began their migration to Britain with the Jutes, Saxons and Friesians.</p>
<p> Engilin<br> in the district between the Saale and Unstrut also preserves their name. Some of the Anglii may to have moved south, with their neighbours the Varnii, to Thuringia. Alternatively this district is the original home of the Anglii before their expansion to the north.</p></div>
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Angrivarii |
<div class="wleftBox">
<p>First encountered by Germanicus<br>in his campaign of C.E. 16, the Angrivarii occupied the district of the middle Weser.</p>
<p>An "agger" separated them from the Cherusci. <br>This was probably the open land from the Weser to the Steinhuder Meer north-west of Hanover.</p>
<p>Their name may be preserved in Enger<br> near Herford, and the people known as Engern at the time of Charlemagne indicating the presence of the O.H.G. "angar" meadow, in Angrivarii, giving the sense "dwellers on the meadows".</p>
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Ansabarii |
<div class="wleftBox"><p>no data</p>
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Arivisci |
<div class="wleftBox">
<p>The Aravisci, an Illyrian tribe<br> first recorded in Pannonia from the Danube bend to the Platten See (Pelso lacus), were strongly influenced by the culture of their Celtic neighbours.</p>
<p>Excavations at Aquincum (Buda)<br> have shown a predominantly Celtic material culture. Their coins imitated Roman issues down to CE 9 after which Augustus absorbed them in the northern province of Illyricum, Pannonia</p>.</div>
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Arii |
<div class="wleftBox">
<p>The Harios of Tacitus, Germanic Harii.<br>
Tacitus tells us that this group painted their torsos black and imitated the aerial hunt in which Woden led the spirits of the underworld. Their name may derive from this ghostly army if it is related to the Gothic "harjus", army.</p>
<p>They were the most powerful group of the Lugians<br> and they may be identified with the Hasdingi Vandals. Pliny gives their name as Charini. They are on record as invaders of Dacia in the Marcomannic War and allies of Marcus Aurelius.</p></div>
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Aviones |
<div class="wleftBox">
<p>The name is said to mean "the islanders"<br> and on this basis they are located adjacent to the Angli in the north Friesian islands.</p>
<p> Ptolemy wrongly places them to the east of the Langobardii on the middle Elbe.</p>
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Bastarnae |
<div class="wleftBox"><p>Pliny put the Bastarnae<br> in the fifth most easterly, group of German peoples. In 182 BCE Philip of Macedon <br>invited the Bastarnas who at the time occupied the lands north of the Danube bordering the Black Sea, to help him against the Thracian Dardarni.</p>
<p>This event<br> makes them the first German tribe to appear in history. In 179 BCE Philip recruited them again, but this time against the Romans. Mithradates of Pontus also employed them against the Romans.</p>
<p>The Bastarnae extended south from Galicia<br>along the eastern flank of the Carpathians. The name Peucini applied to that section of the Bastarnae that occupied the island of Peuke at the mouth of the Danube</p>
<p>Strabo and Ptolemy use the name Sidones<br> for the westerly section of the Bastarnae. These Sidones were defeated by a legate of the province of Illyricum at the end of the first century B.C.E. The Bastarnae proper were subdued by M. Licinius Crassus in 29 BCE.</p> </div>
<div class="wrightBox">
<p>Two hundred years later<br> in the third century CE they attacked the Roman territories across the Danube and were resettled south of the river by Probus.</p>
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Batavi |
<div class="wleftBox"><p>The land between the Waal (Vahalis)<br> and the true Rhine that enters the sea at Katwijk was the <a class="white" href="
page_start.php?key1=germania/tribes/batavi_map.php&key2=the Island of Batavia&key3=images/ger_images/eagle.gif&key6=ger"
><span class="underLine">"Island of Batavia"</span></a>.
<p>Their name has come down to us with a Celtic termination<br> and is preserved today in the Dutch district of Betuwe between the
Waal and the Leck. Their neighbours to the north were the Frisii and the Cannenefates, the latter in the district that bears their name today - Kennemerland. The region is well known to archaeologists. </p><p>Around 500 BCE Germanic expansion<br> led to settlements in southern Holland and western Belgium. The population was then a Celtic - Germanic mix. The German elements were strengthened about 120 BCE by inroads caused by the migration from Jutland of the Teutones, Cimbri and the Ambrones. The Germanic element was then very strong and it is likely that the region became linguistically German at this time. It has remained so.</p>
<p>Initially friendly to the Roman cause,<br> the Batavi co- operated with Drusus in12 BCE in his
canalisation of the Vecht to link the Rhine to Lake Flevo and the north sea. This outlet
and the name of the lake are still recognisable in the Vlie Strom and Vlieland. A strip of
land was given up to form a military zone protecting the canal.</p><p>
The Batavi supplied the Roman army<br> with ten, 1000 man regiments (one mounted)
under native officers and furnished most of the Imperial guard, the Germani, until
disbanded in CE 68. There were eight cohorts of Batavi with the invading army of Aulus
Plautius in Britain in 42. They did good service by swimming the Medway and the
Thames, thus bypassing defended fords.</p>
<p>In 69, a year after the disbanding <br>of the Germani guards, Julius Civilis (a Batavian with a
Roman name), led a revolt in support of Vespasian against Vitellius implicating many of
the neighbouring peoples as allies. Initially sucessful, Civilis besieged two legions in
Vetera (near Xanten) and controlled all the country to the north.</p>
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<div class="wrightBox">
<p> With the death of
Vitellius<br> who had contested the Imperial sucession, the revolt continued but now turned
against Vespasian. Gallic tribes joined in, proclaiming an "Empire of Gallia".</p>
<p>The Batavi must have been granted<br> honourable terms
of surrender after the revolt.
Although their land south of the Waal was annexed to become part of the fortified
frontier zone with a legion at Noviomagus (Nijmegen), their land to the north was made
into client kingdom with Roman garrisons at Praetorium Agrippinae (Ahrensburg near
Voorburg) and Fectio (Vechten near Utrecht).</p>
<p>Of the original ten cohorts<br>
all but one mutinied with Civilis and were disbanded. After 70
four cohorts and one ala (cavalry regiment) were formed under Roman officers (about
5000 men) and posted to remote parts of the Empire.</p>
<p>The Batavi are named among the field army<br>
used by Theodosius to restore order in
Britain in 368 after the combined raids of the Picts, Saxons, Scots and the Attacotti. The bodyguard of Valens, the Emperor of the East killed at Adrianapolis in 376 after his defeat by the Goths, included Batavi.
The Notitia Dignitatum lists the first Cohort of Batavi at Carrawburgh on Hadrian's Wall.</p>
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Bructeri |
<div class="wleftBox">
<p>The Bructeri, were a powerful tribe <br>in the country north of the Lippe, in the region of Münster. The country south of the Lippe, as far as the Sauerland, the Hellweg, is sometimes allocated to the Bructeri after 58 CE when they are said to have occupied the lands vacated by the Usipi. Divided into greater and smaller Bructeri, they took an active part as confederates of the Cherusci, in the war against the Germanicus. After the battle with Varus, one of the three captured legionary eagles was allocated to them.</p><p>They joined the rising under Civilis in 70 CE<br> and played a prominant part with their prophetess Velda. </p><p>About 78 CE they were almost annihilated<br> by Rutilius Gallicus. Internal strife and war with their neighbours in 98 CE seems to have greatly weakened them. Tacitus divides their territory between the Chamavi and the Angrivaria, but their name is given by Ptolemy much later in the same district. They are mentioned in Roman texts down to the early fifth century. In the Middle Ages their name was preserved in the district name "Borahatra" between the Lippe and the Rhur. The Bructeri were eventually absorbed by the Frankish alliance.
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Burgundiones |
<div class="wleftBox"><p>The Burgundiones were unknown to Tacitus. <br>The Burgundians are first located by classical authors in modern Poland between the lower Vistula and the Oder north of the Lugii. Speculation has proposed the island of Bornholm (Burgundarholmr) as their original home but current opinion traces the name to an occupation of the island by a group of Burgundians. </p>
<p>With the identification of Thuringia<br> as the area where the Germanic family of languages first developed characteristics which separate it from the Indo-European, the position of the Burgundians shows a north eastern movement to the shores of the Baltic.</p>
<p>The Lebus-Lausitz-Gruppe oder Luboszyce-Kultur culture<br> on the lower Vistula has been tentatively linked to the Burgundians. The tribal name may be linked to burgus - town. This could have been a distinguishing feature. Tacitus, talking of the western tribes in contact with Rome, says that the Germans preferred to live in isolation in single family dwellings.</p>
<p>Towards the end of the second century CE,<br> part of the group migrated eastwards to the area on the Oder between the rivers Warte and Nechte. The group that stayed behind were attacked and subdued by the Gothic Gepidii after which they joined the Gothic migration towards the Black Sea.
<p></div>
<div class="wrightBox"><p>The Burgundians, allied with the Vandals,<br> moved south west to the Elbe and then, skirting the territories of the Alemanic tribes, to the south. Attacks on the Roman territories were repulsed by Probus in 278 who advanced over the Neckar and defeated the Alemani in the Schwäbisch Alp and the Vandali and Burgundians on the Lygis (possibly the Lech near Augsburg).</p>
<p> The Burgundians then settled in territory bordering the Alemani<br> on the middle Main. Probus was assasinated in 282 in Sirmium and 286 the Burgundians invaded Gaul with the Alemanni, Heruli und Chaiboni. </p><p>The Emperor Julian led an expedition in 359<br> which made contact with the Burgundians. In 369-370, Valentinian invited the Burgundian kings to send an army to the Rhine in an alliance against the Alemani.</p>
<p> During the second half of the fourth century<br> the Burgundians conquered Alemanic territory in the Main valley and established a direct frontier with Roman Empire. They remained organised by tribes, each led by a king and a high priest, until the family of the Gibichungs established a unified kingship.</p>
<p>
Pressure from the Huns caused a general movement <br>of peoples in Free Germany causing the Alans, Suebi and the Vandals to join the Burgundians in a general invasion of Gaul.
Rome had denuded the Rhine frontier of troops in 401 and consequently, in 406 (New Year's Eve, crossing the Rhine on the ice) the Asding Vandals with the Alans, the Suebi and some Siling Vandals entered Gaul. By 412 Gundahar, king of the Burgundians, and Goar, king of the Alans, proclaimed the usurper Jovian as Emperor probably acting, as they saw it, as allies of the Empire. After the defeat and death of Jovian at the hand of the general of Honorius, the Burgundians were settled on the left bank of the Rhine in Gaul.</p>
<p>The First Kingdom <br>
was established on the middle Rhine incorporating territory ceded by Rome in return for protection of the Rhine frontier. The capital is located traditionally at Worms (Borbetomagus the capital of the Vangiones), Mainz and Alzey were Burgundian. </p>
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Burgundiones (south) |
<div class="wleftBox">
The Burgunder on the right bank of the Rhine defeated a Hunnish army in 430 but soon fell under Hunnish control. In 436 Aëtius with his Hunnish allies defeated the Bugundians in Gaul led by Gunderhar settling their remnant in Sapaudia (Savoy).</p><p>
This settlement gave Aëtius a reserve<br> for the defence of Gaul. In 451 Aëtius called upon the Burgundians to support him in his campaign against the Huns under Attila which led to the decisive Hunnish defeat at Chalons.</p>
<p>
The year 456 saw the Burgundians under Gundowech and Chilperich<br> fighting with Avitus against the Suebii in Spain. The Burgunder "Reich" grew to absorb the Rhone-Saône district and in 461 Lyon was occupied. </p>
<p>With the death of Gundowechs in 470 Chilperich<br> continued to expand in the south. In 478 the southern frontier was established on the Durance by treaty with the Visigoths. In the north the Alemanni were cleared from Langres and Besançon. By his death in 480 the Burgunderreich had reached its greatest extent.
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Buri |
<div class="wleftBox"><p>no data</p></div> |
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Calcones |
<div class="wleftBox"><p>no data</p></div> |
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Cannenefates |
<div class="wleftBox"><p>The Cannenefetes (older spellings: Kaninefaten, Canninefaten, meaning: unkown)</br> were a West Germanic people that occupied the Dutch coast north of the Batavi in the region called Kemmerland. Forum Hadriani (on the site of modern Voorburg) was in the middle of Cananefaten territory. That town and tribe formed a unity (a <i>civitatis</i>) is reflected in the official name of the town: Municipium Aelium Cananefatium.<p>The last mention of the Cannenefetes<br>
is in the fourth century in the Cosmographia by Iulius Honorius. This mention can be discarded because Julius Honorius was useing older texts. The milestone from Rijswijk, from the middle of the third century bearing the inscription [C(ivitas)] CANANEFATV(m) A B [HADR(iani) F(oro) is the last reliable mention.</p>
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